In this work, we propose a novel neural network focusing on semantic labeling
of ALS point clouds, which investigates the importance of long-range spatial
and channel-wise relations and is termed as global relation-aware attentional
network (GraNet). GraNet first learns local geometric description and local
dependencies using a local spatial discrepancy attention convolution module
(LoSDA). In LoSDA, the orientation information, spatial distribution, and
elevation differences are fully considered by stacking several local spatial
geometric learning modules and the local dependencies are embedded by using an
attention pooling module. Then, a global relation-aware attention module (GRA),
consisting of a spatial relation-aware attention module (SRA) and a channel
relation aware attention module (CRA), are investigated to further learn the
global spatial and channel-wise relationship between any spatial positions and
feature vectors. The aforementioned two important modules are embedded in the
multi-scale network architecture to further consider scale changes in large
urban areas. We conducted comprehensive experiments on two ALS point cloud
datasets to evaluate the performance of our proposed framework. The results
show that our method can achieve higher classification accuracy compared with
other commonly used advanced classification methods. The overall accuracy (OA)
of our method on the ISPRS benchmark dataset can be improved to 84.5% to
classify nine semantic classes, with an average F1 measure (AvgF1) of 73.5%. In
detail, we have following F1 values for each object class: powerlines: 66.3%,
low vegetation: 82.8%, impervious surface: 91.8%, car: 80.7%, fence: 51.2%,
roof: 94.6%, facades: 62.1%, shrub: 49.9%, trees: 82.1%. Besides, experiments
were conducted using a new ALS point cloud dataset covering highly dense urban
areas.

本论文提出一种新型神经网络用于对 ALS 点云进行语义标注，名为全局关系感知注意网络 (GraNet)，该方法首先使用一个本地空间注意卷积模块 (LoSDA) 学习本地几何描述和本地依赖关系，然后使用全局关系感知注意模块 (GRA) 学习任何空间位置和特征向量之间的全局空间和通道关系，以上两个重要模块嵌入多尺度网络架构中，实验结果表明，与其他常用高级分类方法相比，我们的方法在两个 ALS 点云数据集上均可获得更高的分类精度。

GraNet：针对 ALS 点云分类的全局关系感知注意力网络

GraNet: Global Relation-aware Attentional Network for ALS Point Cloud  Classification

Interpretation of Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) point clouds is a critical
procedure for producing various geo-information products like 3D city models,
digital terrain models and land use maps. In this paper, we present a local and
global encoder network (LGENet) for semantic segmentation of ALS point clouds.
Adapting the KPConv network, we first extract features by both 2D and 3D point
convolutions to allow the network to learn more representative local geometry.
Then global encoders are used in the network to exploit contextual information
at the object and point level. We design a segment-based Edge Conditioned
Convolution to encode the global context between segments. We apply a
spatial-channel attention module at the end of the network, which not only
captures the global interdependencies between points but also models
interactions between channels. We evaluate our method on two ALS datasets
namely, the ISPRS benchmark dataset and DCF2019 dataset. For the ISPRS
benchmark dataset, our model achieves state-of-the-art results with an overall
accuracy of 0.845 and an average F1 score of 0.737. With regards to the DFC2019
dataset, our proposed network achieves an overall accuracy of 0.984 and an
average F1 score of 0.834.

该研究提出了一种基于本地和全局编码器网络（LGENet）的语义分割方法，通过 2D 和 3D 卷积提取特征，利用全局编码器在物体和点级别上开发上下文信息，并设计基于分割的边缘条件卷积来编码分割之间的全局上下文。结果表明，该模型在 2 个不同的 ALS 数据集上均获得了优秀的性能表现。