Non-profits, as well as the media, have hypothesized the existence of a
radicalization pipeline on YouTube, claiming that users systematically progress
towards more extreme content on the platform. Yet, there is to date no
substantial quantitative evidence of this alleged pipeline. To close this gap,
we conduct a large-scale audit of user radicalization on YouTube. We analyze
330,925 videos posted on 349 channels, which we broadly classified into four
types: Media, the Alt-lite, the Intellectual Dark Web (I.D.W.), and the
Alt-right. According to the aforementioned radicalization hypothesis, channels
in the I.D.W. and the Alt-lite serve as gateways to fringe far-right ideology,
here represented by Alt-right channels. Processing 72M+ comments, we show that
the three channel types indeed increasingly share the same user base; that
users consistently migrate from milder to more extreme content; and that a
large percentage of users who consume Alt-right content now consumed Alt-lite
and I.D.W. content in the past. We also probe YouTube's recommendation
algorithm, looking at more than 2M video and channel recommendations between
May/July 2019. We find that Alt-lite content is easily reachable from I.D.W.
channels, while Alt-right videos are reachable only through channel
recommendations. Overall, we paint a comprehensive picture of user
radicalization on YouTube.

本文利用大规模数据分析研究了 YouTube 上用户的激进化现象，结果表明随着时间推移，用户越来越倾向于消费极端化的内容，尤其是从 I.D.W 和 Alt-lite 渐进到 Alt-right 频道，并且通过探究 YouTube 的推荐算法，发现 Alt-lite 容易从 I.D.W 频道中获得推荐，而 Alt-right 只能通过频道推荐获得。

YouTube 上激进化路径审计

Auditing Radicalization Pathways on YouTube

Progress in genomics has enabled the emergence of a booming market for
"direct-to-consumer" genetic testing. Nowadays, companies like 23andMe and
AncestryDNA provide affordable health, genealogy, and ancestry reports, and
have already tested tens of millions of customers. At the same time, alt- and
far-right groups have also taken an interest in genetic testing, using them to
attack minorities and prove their genetic "purity." In this paper, we present a
measurement study shedding light on how genetic testing is being discussed on
Web communities in Reddit and 4chan. We collect 1.3M comments posted over 27
months on the two platforms, using a set of 280 keywords related to genetic
testing. We then use NLP and computer vision tools to identify trends, themes,
and topics of discussion.
Our analysis shows that genetic testing attracts a lot of attention on Reddit
and 4chan, with discussions often including highly toxic language expressed
through hateful, racist, and misogynistic comments. In particular, on 4chan's
politically incorrect board (/pol/), content from genetic testing conversations
involves several alt-right personalities and openly antisemitic rhetoric, often
conveyed through memes. Finally, we find that discussions build around user
groups, from technology enthusiasts to communities promoting fringe political
views.

研究表明 Reddit 和 4chan 上基因测试话题受到广泛讨论，但含有仇恨、种族主义和厌女情绪的言论很常见，并且能够吸引来自技术追随者和主张边缘政治观点的社群参与讨论，同时反对犹太人的言论和表情包也常常出现在 4chan 的 /pol/ 版块中。

我们将为我们的种族而战！”Reddit 和 4chan 上关于遗传测试的对话的测量研究

"And We Will Fight For Our Race!" A Measurement Study of Genetic Testing  Conversations on Reddit and 4chan

The discussion-board site 4chan has been part of the Internet's dark
underbelly since its inception, and recent political events have put it
increasingly in the spotlight. In particular, /pol/, the "Politically
Incorrect" board, has been a central figure in the outlandish 2016 US election
season, as it has often been linked to the alt-right movement and its rhetoric
of hate and racism. However, 4chan remains relatively unstudied by the
scientific community: little is known about its user base, the content it
generates, and how it affects other parts of the Web. In this paper, we start
addressing this gap by analyzing /pol/ along several axes, using a dataset of
over 8M posts we collected over two and a half months. First, we perform a
general characterization, showing that /pol/ users are well distributed around
the world and that 4chan's unique features encourage fresh discussions. We also
analyze content, finding, for instance, that YouTube links and hate speech are
predominant on /pol/. Overall, our analysis not only provides the first
measurement study of /pol/, but also insight into online harassment and hate
speech trends in social media.

本研究针对讨论区网站 4chan 上被称为 “政治不正确” 的版块 /pol/ 进行了分析，通过对超过 800 万个发布的帖子的分析，深入了解了 4chan 用户分布情况和内容特点，发现其中包含了大量针对种族和仇恨方面的情绪，为社交媒体中的在线骚扰和仇恨言论趋势提供了见解。