Supervised deep learning techniques show promise in medical image analysis.
However, they require comprehensive annotated data sets, which poses
challenges, particularly for rare diseases. Consequently, unsupervised anomaly
detection (UAD) emerges as a viable alternative for pathology segmentation, as
only healthy data is required for training. However, recent UAD anomaly scoring
functions often focus on intensity only and neglect structural differences,
which impedes the segmentation performance. This work investigates the
potential of Structural Similarity (SSIM) to bridge this gap. SSIM captures
both intensity and structural disparities and can be advantageous over the
classical $l1$ error. However, we show that there is more than one optimal
kernel size for the SSIM calculation for different pathologies. Therefore, we
investigate an adaptive ensembling strategy for various kernel sizes to offer a
more pathology-agnostic scoring mechanism. We demonstrate that this ensembling
strategy can enhance the performance of DMs and mitigate the sensitivity to
different kernel sizes across varying pathologies, highlighting its promise for
brain MRI anomaly detection.

本研究探讨了结构相似度（SSIM）在大脑 MRI 异常检测方面的潜力，并展示了一种自适应集成策略，该策略能够增强深度学习模型的性能，并减少对不同病理图像的核大小的敏感性。