Certainty and uncertainty are fundamental to science communication. Hedges
have widely been used as proxies for uncertainty. However, certainty is a
complex construct, with authors expressing not only the degree but the type and
aspects of uncertainty in order to give the reader a certain impression of what
is known. Here, we introduce a new study of certainty that models both the
level and the aspects of certainty in scientific findings. Using a new dataset
of 2167 annotated scientific findings, we demonstrate that hedges alone account
for only a partial explanation of certainty. We show that both the overall
certainty and individual aspects can be predicted with pre-trained language
models, providing a more complete picture of the author's intended
communication. Downstream analyses on 431K scientific findings from news and
scientific abstracts demonstrate that modeling sentence-level and aspect-level
certainty is meaningful for areas like science communication. Both the model
and datasets used in this paper are released at
this https URL

该研究介绍了一种新的确证度研究方法，该方法可以对科学发现的确证度水平和方面进行建模，并证明单独依赖模糊语无法完全解释确证度，该研究还证明了对句子级和方面级的确证度建模对科学沟通等领域是有意义的。

科学交流中句子级别和方面级别的（不）确定性测量

Measuring Sentence-Level and Aspect-Level (Un)certainty in Science  Communications

In this paper, we introduce concept of bipolar neutrosophic set and its some
operations. Also, we propose score, certainty and accuracy functions to compare
the bipolar neutrosophic sets. Then, we develop the bipolar neutrosophic
weighted average operator and bipolar neutrosophic weighted geometric
operat\"or to aggregate the bipolar neutrosophic information. Furthermore,
based on the neutrosophic weighted geometric(aritmetic) operat\"or and the
score, certainty and accuracy functions, we develop a bipolar neutrosophic
multiple criteria decision-making approach, in which the evaluation values of
alternatives on the attributes take the form of bipolar neutrosophic numbers to
select the most desirable one(s). Finally, a numerical example of the method
was given to demonstrate the application and effectiveness of the developed
method.

本文提出了双极中立派数集及其相关操作，包括得分函数、确定性函数和精度函数，通过双极中立派的权重平均和权重几何平均运算处理相关信息，并开发一种基于中立派加权几何（算术）平均操作的双极中立派多准则决策方法来选择最佳决策方案。实例表明，该方法具有较高的应用效果。