Prompt engineering is a technique that involves augmenting a large
pre-trained model with task-specific hints, known as prompts, to adapt the
model to new tasks. Prompts can be created manually as natural language
instructions or generated automatically as either natural language instructions
or vector representations. Prompt engineering enables the ability to perform
predictions based solely on prompts without updating model parameters, and the
easier application of large pre-trained models in real-world tasks. In past
years, Prompt engineering has been well-studied in natural language processing.
Recently, it has also been intensively studied in vision-language modeling.
However, there is currently a lack of a systematic overview of prompt
engineering on pre-trained vision-language models. This paper aims to provide a
comprehensive survey of cutting-edge research in prompt engineering on three
types of vision-language models: multimodal-to-text generation models (e.g.
Flamingo), image-text matching models (e.g. CLIP), and text-to-image generation
models (e.g. Stable Diffusion). For each type of model, a brief model summary,
prompting methods, prompting-based applications, and the corresponding
responsibility and integrity issues are summarized and discussed. Furthermore,
the commonalities and differences between prompting on vision-language models,
language models, and vision models are also discussed. The challenges, future
directions, and research opportunities are summarized to foster future research
on this topic.

本文系统概述了在三种类型的视觉 - 语言模型上的提示工程的前沿研究，包括多模式到文本生成模型、图像 - 文本匹配模型和文本 - 图像生成模型，并总结和讨论了模型概要、提示方法、基于提示的应用以及相关的责任和完整性问题。此外，还讨论了在提示对视觉 - 语言模型、语言模型和视觉模型的共同点和差异，并对挑战、未来方向和研究机会进行了总结，以推动未来对此主题的研究。

视觉 - 语言基础模型的提示工程系统性调查

A Systematic Survey of Prompt Engineering on Vision-Language Foundation  Models

Enterprise financial risk analysis aims at predicting the enterprises' future
financial risk.Due to the wide application, enterprise financial risk analysis
has always been a core research issue in finance. Although there are already
some valuable and impressive surveys on risk management, these surveys
introduce approaches in a relatively isolated way and lack the recent advances
in enterprise financial risk analysis. Due to the rapid expansion of the
enterprise financial risk analysis, especially from the computer science and
big data perspective, it is both necessary and challenging to comprehensively
review the relevant studies. This survey attempts to connect and systematize
the existing enterprise financial risk researches, as well as to summarize and
interpret the mechanisms and the strategies of enterprise financial risk
analysis in a comprehensive way, which may help readers have a better
understanding of the current research status and ideas. This paper provides a
systematic literature review of over 300 articles published on enterprise risk
analysis modelling over a 50-year period, 1968 to 2022. We first introduce the
formal definition of enterprise risk as well as the related concepts. Then, we
categorized the representative works in terms of risk type and summarized the
three aspects of risk analysis. Finally, we compared the analysis methods used
to model the enterprise financial risk. Our goal is to clarify current
cutting-edge research and its possible future directions to model enterprise
risk, aiming to fully understand the mechanisms of enterprise risk
communication and influence and its application on corporate governance,
financial institution and government regulation.

本文通过对 50 年来 300 篇有关企业金融风险模型、风险沟通和影响的系统文献评审，将这些工作进行分类并总结风险分析的三个方面。在比较模型的分析方法前，阐明了企业风险的正式定义及相关概念，并研究可能的未来方向，以便全面了解企业风险传播和影响的机制及其应用于企业管理、金融机构和政府监管的情况。