As ChatGPT et al. conquer the world, the optimal liability framework for AI
systems remains an unsolved problem across the globe. In a much-anticipated
move, the European Commission advanced two proposals outlining the European
approach to AI liability in September 2022: a novel AI Liability Directive and
a revision of the Product Liability Directive. They constitute the final
cornerstone of EU AI regulation. Crucially, the liability proposals and the EU
AI Act are inherently intertwined: the latter does not contain any individual
rights of affected persons, and the former lack specific, substantive rules on
AI development and deployment. Taken together, these acts may well trigger a
Brussels Effect in AI regulation, with significant consequences for the US and
beyond.
This paper makes three novel contributions. First, it examines in detail the
Commission proposals and shows that, while making steps in the right direction,
they ultimately represent a half-hearted approach: if enacted as foreseen, AI
liability in the EU will primarily rest on disclosure of evidence mechanisms
and a set of narrowly defined presumptions concerning fault, defectiveness and
causality. Hence, second, the article suggests amendments, which are collected
in an Annex at the end of the paper. Third, based on an analysis of the key
risks AI poses, the final part of the paper maps out a road for the future of
AI liability and regulation, in the EU and beyond. This includes: a
comprehensive framework for AI liability; provisions to support innovation; an
extension to non-discrimination/algorithmic fairness, as well as explainable
AI; and sustainability. I propose to jump-start sustainable AI regulation via
sustainability impact assessments in the AI Act and sustainable design defects
in the liability regime. In this way, the law may help spur not only fair AI
and XAI, but potentially also sustainable AI (SAI).

该研究论文探讨了欧洲委员会关于 AI 责任的两个提案及其对欧盟 AI 相关法规的影响，提出了继续完善 AI 责任制和规范 AI 开发部署的措施，并建议为此制定详细框架和规定，以促进公平、可解释和可持续的 AI 的发展。

欧洲人工智能责任指令 —— 对一种犹豫不决的方法的批评和未来的教训

The European AI Liability Directives -- Critique of a Half-Hearted Approach and Lessons for the Future

In February 2020, the European Commission (EC) published a white paper
entitled, On Artificial Intelligence - A European approach to excellence and
trust. This paper outlines the EC's policy options for the promotion and
adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in the European Union. The Montreal AI
Ethics Institute (MAIEI) reviewed this paper and published a response
addressing the EC's plans to build an "ecosystem of excellence" and an
"ecosystem of trust," as well as the safety and liability implications of AI,
the internet of things (IoT), and robotics.
MAIEI provides 15 recommendations in relation to the sections outlined above,
including: 1) focus efforts on the research and innovation community, member
states, and the private sector; 2) create alignment between trading partners'
policies and EU policies; 3) analyze the gaps in the ecosystem between
theoretical frameworks and approaches to building trustworthy AI; 4) focus on
coordination and policy alignment; 5) focus on mechanisms that promote private
and secure sharing of data; 6) create a network of AI research excellence
centres to strengthen the research and innovation community; 7) promote
knowledge transfer and develop AI expertise through Digital Innovation Hubs; 8)
add nuance to the discussion regarding the opacity of AI systems; 9) create a
process for individuals to appeal an AI system's decision or output; 10)
implement new rules and strengthen existing regulations; 11) ban the use of
facial recognition technology; 12) hold all AI systems to similar standards and
compulsory requirements; 13) ensure biometric identification systems fulfill
the purpose for which they are implemented; 14) implement a voluntary labelling
system for systems that are not considered high-risk; 15) appoint individuals
to the oversight process who understand AI systems well and are able to
communicate potential risks.

该文讨论了欧盟委员会对人工智能的政策，提出了加强创新和信任的生态系统的建议，并对 AI、物联网、机器人的安全和责任进行了分析，强调了在制定标准和加强现有规定方面的必要性。

蒙特利尔 AI 伦理学院对欧盟委员会 AI 白皮书的回应

Response by the Montreal AI Ethics Institute to the European  Commission's Whitepaper on AI

The European Commission's (EC) Directorate General for Translation, together
with the EC's Joint Research Centre, is making available a large translation
memory (TM; i.e. sentences and their professionally produced translations)
covering twenty-two official European Union (EU) languages and their 231
language pairs. Such a resource is typically used by translation professionals
in combination with TM software to improve speed and consistency of their
translations. However, this resource has also many uses for translation studies
and for language technology applications, including Statistical Machine
Translation (SMT), terminology extraction, Named Entity Recognition (NER),
multilingual classification and clustering, and many more. In this reference
paper for DGT-TM, we introduce this new resource, provide statistics regarding
its size, and explain how it was produced and how to use it.

该篇论文介绍了欧盟委员会翻译总局推出的包含 22 种官方语言的翻译记忆库，该资源不仅可用于翻译专业人员提高速度和一致性，还可用于翻译学和语言技术应用，包括统计机器翻译、术语提取、命名实体识别、多语言分类和聚类等。