It is a long-standing desire of industry and research to automate the
software development and testing process as much as possible. In this process,
requirements engineering (RE) plays a fundamental role for all other steps that
build on it. Model-based design and testing methods have been developed to
handle the growing complexity and variability of software systems. However,
major effort is still required to create specification models from a large set
of functional requirements provided in natural language. Numerous approaches
based on natural language processing (NLP) have been proposed in the literature
to generate requirements models using mainly syntactic properties. Recent
advances in NLP show that semantic quantities can also be identified and used
to provide better assistance in the requirements formalization process. In this
work, we present and discuss principal ideas and state-of-the-art methodologies
from the field of NLP in order to guide the readers on how to create a set of
rules and methods for the semi-automated formalization of requirements
according to their specific use case and needs. We discuss two different
approaches in detail and highlight the iterative development of rule sets. The
requirements models are represented in a human- and machine-readable format in
the form of pseudocode. The presented methods are demonstrated on two
industrial use cases from the automotive and railway domains. It shows that
using current pre-trained NLP models requires less effort to create a set of
rules and can be easily adapted to specific use cases and domains. In addition,
findings and shortcomings of this research area are highlighted and an outlook
on possible future developments is given.

自然语言处理在需求工程中的半自动化规范化过程中起着重要作用，提供了更好的辅助，并可适用于特定用例和领域。