It is broadly accepted that there is a "gender gap" in face recognition
accuracy, with females having higher false match and false non-match rates.
However, relatively little is known about the cause(s) of this gender gap. Even
the recent NIST report on demographic effects lists "analyze cause and effect"
under "what we did not do". We first demonstrate that female and male
hairstyles have important differences that impact face recognition accuracy. In
particular, compared to females, male facial hair contributes to creating a
greater average difference in appearance between different male faces. We then
demonstrate that when the data used to estimate recognition accuracy is
balanced across gender for how hairstyles occlude the face, the initially
observed gender gap in accuracy largely disappears. We show this result for two
different matchers, and analyzing images of Caucasians and of
African-Americans. These results suggest that future research on demographic
variation in accuracy should include a check for balanced quality of the test
data as part of the problem formulation. To promote reproducible research,
matchers, attribute classifiers, and datasets used in this research are/will be
publicly available.

通过实验发现，男女发型有重要差异，尤其是男性胡须会造成不同男性面孔之间的平均外观差异更大，而当基于发型来遮挡面部的数据在性别上平衡后，初始的性别差距在识别准确性上大部分消失，这个结果对未来研究中包含性别差异具有启示意义。

面部识别准确率中的性别差异问题

The Gender Gap in Face Recognition Accuracy Is a Hairy Problem

Contributing to the writing of history has never been as easy as it is today
thanks to Wikipedia, a community-created encyclopedia that aims to document the
world's knowledge from a neutral point of view. Though everyone can participate
it is well known that the editor community has a narrow diversity, with a
majority of white male editors. While this participatory \emph{gender gap} has
been studied extensively in the literature, this work sets out to \emph{assess
potential gender inequalities in Wikipedia articles} along different
dimensions: notability, topical focus, linguistic bias, structural properties,
and meta-data presentation.
We find that (i) women in Wikipedia are more notable than men, which we
interpret as the outcome of a subtle glass ceiling effect; (ii) family-,
gender-, and relationship-related topics are more present in biographies about
women; (iii) linguistic bias manifests in Wikipedia since abstract terms tend
to be used to describe positive aspects in the biographies of men and negative
aspects in the biographies of women; and (iv) there are structural differences
in terms of meta-data and hyperlinks, which have consequences for
information-seeking activities. While some differences are expected, due to
historical and social contexts, other differences are attributable to Wikipedia
editors. The implications of such differences are discussed having Wikipedia
contribution policies in mind. We hope that the present work will contribute to
increased awareness about, first, gender issues in the content of Wikipedia,
and second, the different levels on which gender biases can manifest on the
Web.

评估维基百科文章中潜在的性别不平等，包括知名度、主题焦点、语言偏见、结构属性和元数据表现方面的差异。结果发现，维基百科中女性比男性更受关注，女性传记中更多有关家庭、性别和关系的主题，存在语言偏见和结构差异，需要注意性别问题对网络造成的各种差异。