Artificial Intelligence (AI) has achieved significant advancements in
technology and research with the development over several decades, and is
widely used in many areas including computing vision, natural language
processing, time-series analysis, speech synthesis, etc. During the age of deep
learning, especially with the arise of Large Language Models, a large majority
of researchers' attention is paid on pursuing new state-of-the-art (SOTA)
results, resulting in ever increasing of model size and computational
complexity. The needs for high computing power brings higher carbon emission
and undermines research fairness by preventing small or medium-sized research
institutions and companies with limited funding in participating in research.
To tackle the challenges of computing resources and environmental impact of AI,
Green Computing has become a hot research topic. In this survey, we give a
systematic overview of the technologies used in Green Computing. We propose the
framework of Green Computing and devide it into four key components: (1)
Measures of Greenness, (2) Energy-Efficient AI, (3) Energy-Efficient Computing
Systems and (4) AI Use Cases for Sustainability. For each components, we
discuss the research progress made and the commonly used techniques to optimize
the AI efficiency. We conclude that this new research direction has the
potential to address the conflicts between resource constraints and AI
development. We encourage more researchers to put attention on this direction
and make AI more environmental friendly.

人工智能在技术和研究方面取得了显著的进展，并广泛应用于计算视觉、自然语言处理、时间序列分析、语音合成等多个领域。然而，随着大型语言模型的出现，研究人员的注意力主要集中在追求最新的技术成果，导致模型规模和计算复杂性不断增加，需要更高的计算能力，进而产生更高的碳排放量，阻碍了资金有限的中小型研究机构和公司参与研究，并引发研究公平性的问题。为应对计算资源和人工智能的环境影响，绿色计算已成为一个热门的研究课题。在本调研中，我们对绿色计算中使用的技术进行了系统概述，并提出绿色计算的框架，将其分为四个关键组成部分：(1) 绿色度量指标，(2) 能效人工智能，(3) 能效计算系统和 (4) 可持续发展的人工智能应用案例。针对每个组成部分，我们讨论了研究进展及常用的优化技术，结论表明这个新的研究方向有潜力解决资源限制与人工智能发展之间的冲突。我们鼓励更多的研究人员关注这个方向，使人工智能更加环保友好。

绿色计算的机遇：一项调查

On the Opportunities of Green Computing: A Survey

The world is witnessing an unprecedented growth of cyber-physical systems
(CPS), which are foreseen to revolutionize our world {via} creating new
services and applications in a variety of sectors such as environmental
monitoring, mobile-health systems, intelligent transportation systems and so
on. The {information and communication technology }(ICT) sector is experiencing
a significant growth in { data} traffic, driven by the widespread usage of
smartphones, tablets and video streaming, along with the significant growth of
sensors deployments that are anticipated in the near future. {It} is expected
to outstandingly increase the growth rate of raw sensed data. In this paper, we
present the CPS taxonomy {via} providing a broad overview of data collection,
storage, access, processing and analysis. Compared with other survey papers,
this is the first panoramic survey on big data for CPS, where our objective is
to provide a panoramic summary of different CPS aspects. Furthermore, CPS
{require} cybersecurity to protect {them} against malicious attacks and
unauthorized intrusion, which {become} a challenge with the enormous amount of
data that is continuously being generated in the network. {Thus, we also}
provide an overview of the different security solutions proposed for CPS big
data storage, access and analytics. We also discuss big data meeting green
challenges in the contexts of CPS.

本文综述了物联网中的大数据应用及安全性，提供了对数据收集、存储、访问、处理和分析过程的概述，并讨论了确保数据安全的挑战以及绿色计算环境下的大数据处理。

大数据与网络物理系统相遇：全景调查

Big Data Meet Cyber-Physical Systems: A Panoramic Survey

Mobile-edge computing (MEC) is an emerging paradigm to meet the
ever-increasing computation demands from mobile applications. By offloading the
computationally intensive workloads to the MEC server, the quality of
computation experience, e.g., the execution latency, could be greatly improved.
Nevertheless, as the on-device battery capacities are limited, computation
would be interrupted when the battery energy runs out. To provide satisfactory
computation performance as well as achieving green computing, it is of
significant importance to seek renewable energy sources to power mobile devices
via energy harvesting (EH) technologies. In this paper, we will investigate a
green MEC system with EH devices and develop an effective computation
offloading strategy. The execution cost, which addresses both the execution
latency and task failure, is adopted as the performance metric. A
low-complexity online algorithm, namely, the Lyapunov optimization-based
dynamic computation offloading (LODCO) algorithm is proposed, which jointly
decides the offloading decision, the CPU-cycle frequencies for mobile
execution, and the transmit power for computation offloading. A unique
advantage of this algorithm is that the decisions depend only on the
instantaneous side information without requiring distribution information of
the computation task request, the wireless channel, and EH processes. The
implementation of the algorithm only requires to solve a deterministic problem
in each time slot, for which the optimal solution can be obtained either in
closed form or by bisection search. Moreover, the proposed algorithm is shown
to be asymptotically optimal via rigorous analysis. Sample simulation results
shall be presented to verify the theoretical analysis as well as validate the
effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

本文介绍了一种利用能量收集技术来为移动设备供电的绿色 MEC 系统，并开发了一种有效的计算卸载策略。从执行成本、执行延迟和任务失败三个角度，提出了 Lyapunov 优化的动态计算卸载（LODCO）算法，并在模拟中验证了其有效性和性能。