In an increasingly digitalized commerce landscape, the proliferation of
credit card fraud and the evolution of sophisticated fraudulent techniques have
led to substantial financial losses. Automating credit card fraud detection is
a viable way to accelerate detection, reducing response times and minimizing
potential financial losses. However, addressing this challenge is complicated
by the highly imbalanced nature of the datasets, where genuine transactions
vastly outnumber fraudulent ones. Furthermore, the high number of dimensions
within the feature set gives rise to the ``curse of dimensionality". In this
paper, we investigate subspace learning-based approaches centered on One-Class
Classification (OCC) algorithms, which excel in handling imbalanced data
distributions and possess the capability to anticipate and counter the
transactions carried out by yet-to-be-invented fraud techniques. The study
highlights the potential of subspace learning-based OCC algorithms by
investigating the limitations of current fraud detection strategies and the
specific challenges of credit card fraud detection. These algorithms integrate
subspace learning into the data description; hence, the models transform the
data into a lower-dimensional subspace optimized for OCC. Through rigorous
experimentation and analysis, the study validated that the proposed approach
helps tackle the curse of dimensionality and the imbalanced nature of credit
card data for automatic fraud detection to mitigate financial losses caused by
fraudulent activities.

利用基于子空间学习的 OCC 算法来处理信用卡欺诈检测的挑战，解决数据高度不平衡和维度灾难问题，减少欺诈交易带来的财务损失。

基于子空间学习的一类分类的信用卡欺诈检测

Credit Card Fraud Detection with Subspace Learning-based One-Class  Classification

Rare event prediction involves identifying and forecasting events with a low
probability using machine learning and data analysis. Due to the imbalanced
data distributions, where the frequency of common events vastly outweighs that
of rare events, it requires using specialized methods within each step of the
machine learning pipeline, i.e., from data processing to algorithms to
evaluation protocols. Predicting the occurrences of rare events is important
for real-world applications, such as Industry 4.0, and is an active research
area in statistical and machine learning. This paper comprehensively reviews
the current approaches for rare event prediction along four dimensions: rare
event data, data processing, algorithmic approaches, and evaluation approaches.
Specifically, we consider 73 datasets from different modalities (i.e.,
numerical, image, text, and audio), four major categories of data processing,
five major algorithmic groupings, and two broader evaluation approaches. This
paper aims to identify gaps in the current literature and highlight the
challenges of predicting rare events. It also suggests potential research
directions, which can help guide practitioners and researchers.

稀有事件预测是使用机器学习和数据分析识别和预测低概率事件。由于数据分布不均衡，普通事件的频率远远超过稀有事件，需要在机器学习流程中的每个步骤中使用专门的方法，从数据处理到算法到评估协议。该论文全面综述了稀有事件预测的当前方法在四个方面：稀有事件数据，数据处理，算法方法和评估方法。它旨在找出当前文献中的差距并突出预测稀有事件的挑战。它还提出了潜在的研究方向，可帮助指导从业人员和研究人员。