With the rise of computational social science, many scholars utilize data
analysis and natural language processing tools to analyze social media, news
articles, and other accessible data sources for examining political and social
discourse. Particularly, the study of the emergence of echo-chambers due to the
dissemination of specific information has become a topic of interest in mixed
methods research areas. In this paper, we analyze data collected from two news
portals, Breitbart News (BN) and New York Times (NYT) to prove the hypothesis
that the formation of echo-chambers can be partially explained on the level of
an individual information consumption rather than a collective topology of
individuals' social networks. Our research findings are presented through
knowledge graphs, utilizing a dataset spanning 11.5 years gathered from BN and
NYT media portals. We demonstrate that the application of knowledge
representation techniques to the aforementioned news streams highlights,
contrary to common assumptions, shows relative "internal" neutrality of both
sources and polarizing attitude towards a small fraction of entities.
Additionally, we argue that such characteristics in information sources lead to
fundamental disparities in audience worldviews, potentially acting as a
catalyst for the formation of echo-chambers.

本文通过 11.5 年的数据分析，从知识图谱角度证明了特定信息传播导致回音室的形成不仅与集体拓扑结构有关，还与个体信息消费方式相关，并且信息源的相对‘内部’中立性及对少数实体的极化态度可能引发听众世界观的根本差异性。

政治信息源的知识图谱表示

Knowledge Graph Representation for Political Information Sources

In this work we study, on a sample of 2.3 million individuals, how Facebook
users consumed different information at the edge of political discussion and
news during the last Italian electoral competition. Pages are categorized,
according to their topics and the communities of interests they pertain to, in
a) alternative information sources (diffusing topics that are neglected by
science and main stream media); b) online political activism; and c) main
stream media. We show that attention patterns are similar despite the different
qualitative nature of the information, meaning that unsubstantiated claims
(mainly conspiracy theories) reverberate for as long as other information.
Finally, we categorize users according to their interaction patterns among the
different topics and measure how a sample of this social ecosystem (1279 users)
responded to the injection of 2788 false information posts. Our analysis
reveals that users which are prominently interacting with alternative
information sources (i.e. more exposed to unsubstantiated claims) are more
prone to interact with false claims.

本研究通过对 230 万个 Facebook 用户的样本进行研究，研究了他们在意大利选举期间边缘政治和新闻讨论中消耗的不同信息。我们发现，尽管信息的质量不同，关注模式是相似的，意味着未经证实的声明（主要是阴谋论）会持续反响。最后，我们根据用户在不同主题中的互动模式对用户进行分类，并衡量了此社交生态系统的样本（1279 个用户）如何对 2788 个虚假信息帖子进行反应。我们的分析表明，与替代信息来源密切互动（即更多地暴露于未经证实的声明）的用户更容易与错误声明互动。