Reasoning is essential for the development of large knowledge graphs,
especially for completion, which aims to infer new triples based on existing
ones. Both rules and embeddings can be used for knowledge graph reasoning and
they have their own advantages and difficulties. Rule-based reasoning is
accurate and explainable but rule learning with searching over the graph always
suffers from efficiency due to huge search space. Embedding-based reasoning is
more scalable and efficient as the reasoning is conducted via computation
between embeddings, but it has difficulty learning good representations for
sparse entities because a good embedding relies heavily on data richness. Based
on this observation, in this paper we explore how embedding and rule learning
can be combined together and complement each other's difficulties with their
advantages. We propose a novel framework IterE iteratively learning embeddings
and rules, in which rules are learned from embeddings with proper pruning
strategy and embeddings are learned from existing triples and new triples
inferred by rules. Evaluations on embedding qualities of IterE show that rules
help improve the quality of sparse entity embeddings and their link prediction
results. We also evaluate the efficiency of rule learning and quality of rules
from IterE compared with AMIE+, showing that IterE is capable of generating
high quality rules more efficiently. Experiments show that iteratively learning
embeddings and rules benefit each other during learning and prediction.

本文提出了 IterE 框架，通过迭代学习嵌入和规则，将嵌入和规则学习相结合并互相补充。使用 IterE 进行的实验显示出，迭代学习嵌入和规则可以同时提高知识库中稀疏度实体的嵌入质量和链接预测结果，而且，在规则学习效率和规则质量方面都优于 AMIE+。