Social media users drive the spread of misinformation online by sharing posts
that include erroneous information or commenting on controversial topics with
unsubstantiated arguments often in earnest. Work on echo chambers has suggested
that users' perspectives are reinforced through repeated interactions with
like-minded peers, promoted by homophily and bias in information diffusion.
Building on long-standing interest in the social bases of language and
linguistic underpinnings of social behavior, this work explores how
conversations around misinformation are mediated through language use. We
compare a number of linguistic measures, e.g., in-/out-group cues, readability,
and discourse connectives, within and across topics of conversation and user
communities. Our findings reveal increased presence of group identity signals
and processing fluency within echo chambers during discussions of
misinformation. We discuss the specific character of these broader trends
across topics and examine contextual influences.

社交媒体用户通过分享包含错误信息的帖子或对有争议的话题发表无根据的论点来推动在线上的错误信息传播，在回声室中，由同质性和信息传播中的偏见推动，用户的观点通过与志同道合的同伴重复交互得到加强，本研究探讨了如何通过语言使用来调解围绕错误信息的对话，比较了对话和用户社区内外的多种语言度量，如内外群暗示、可读性和话语连接词，我们的研究发现，在讨论错误信息的回声室中增加了群体身份信号和处理流利度，我们还讨论了这些广泛趋势在不同话题和环境影响下的特点。

回音室内部：推特信息误导的语言基础

Inside the echo chamber: Linguistic underpinnings of misinformation on  Twitter

The COVID-19 pandemic is having a dramatic impact on societies and economies
around the world. With various measures of lockdowns and social distancing in
place, it becomes important to understand emotional responses on a large scale.
In this paper, we present the first ground truth dataset of emotional responses
to COVID-19. We asked participants to indicate their emotions and express these
in text. This resulted in the Real World Worry Dataset of 5,000 texts (2,500
short + 2,500 long texts). Our analyses suggest that emotional responses
correlated with linguistic measures. Topic modeling further revealed that
people in the UK worry about their family and the economic situation.
Tweet-sized texts functioned as a call for solidarity, while longer texts shed
light on worries and concerns. Using predictive modeling approaches, we were
able to approximate the emotional responses of participants from text within
14% of their actual value. We encourage others to use the dataset and improve
how we can use automated methods to learn about emotional responses and worries
about an urgent problem.

本研究提供了第一个 COVID-19 情感反应的真实数据集，并分析了语言模式与情感响应的相关性，其中英国人担心家庭和经济状况，短文本呼吁团结，而长文本更详细地阐述了担忧和关切。通过预测建模方法，我们能够在 14％的准确率内预测参与者的情感反应，鼓励其他人使用此数据集并改进自动化方法以了解紧迫问题的情感反应和担忧。