The ubiquity of large-scale Pre-Trained Models (PTMs) is on the rise,
sparking interest in model hubs, and dedicated platforms for hosting PTMs.
Despite this trend, a comprehensive exploration of the challenges that users
encounter and how the community leverages PTMs remains lacking. To address this
gap, we conducted an extensive mixed-methods empirical study by focusing on
discussion forums and the model hub of HuggingFace, the largest public model
hub. Based on our qualitative analysis, we present a taxonomy of the challenges
and benefits associated with PTM reuse within this community. We then conduct a
quantitative study to track model-type trends and model documentation evolution
over time. Our findings highlight prevalent challenges such as limited guidance
for beginner users, struggles with model output comprehensibility in training
or inference, and a lack of model understanding. We also identified interesting
trends among models where some models maintain high upload rates despite a
decline in topics related to them. Additionally, we found that despite the
introduction of model documentation tools, its quantity has not increased over
time, leading to difficulties in model comprehension and selection among users.
Our study sheds light on new challenges in reusing PTMs that were not reported
before and we provide recommendations for various stakeholders involved in PTM
reuse.

模型复用方面，我们通过一项综合的混合方法实证研究，通过关注讨论论坛和 HuggingFace 模型中心，提出了一种挑战和益处的分类法，并进行了定量研究以追踪模型类型趋势和模型文档的演变。

HuggingFace 社区中深度学习模型重用的挑战、利益与趋势

Deep Learning Model Reuse in the HuggingFace Community: Challenges,  Benefit and Trends

This document presents adequate formal terminology for the mathematical
specification of a subset of Agent Based Models (ABMs) in the field of
Demography. The simulation of the targeted ABMs follows a fixed-step
single-clocked pattern. The proposed terminology further improves the model
understanding and can act as a stand-alone methodology for the specification
and optionally the documentation of a significant set of (demographic) ABMs.
Nevertheless, it is imaginable the this terminology probably with further
extensions can be merged with the largely-informal widely-used model
documentation and communication O.D.D. protocol [Grimm and et al., 2020,
Amouroux et al., 2010] to reduce many sources of ambiguity, hindering model
replications by other modelers. A published demographic model documentation,
largely simplified version of the Lone Parent Model [Gostoli and Silverman,
2020] is separately published in [Elsheikh, 2023b] as illustration for the
formal terminology. The model was implemented in the Julia language [Elsheikh,
2023a] based on the Agents.jl julia package [Datseris et al., 2022].

在人口学领域中，该论文提出了一套数学规范的适用于 Agent Based Models (ABMs) 的子集的适当术语。该论文的提出的术语进一步改进了模型理解，并可作为一种独立的方法论，用于规范和可能的记录大量 (人口) ABMs。然而，可以想象这种术语可能还能进一步扩展，与广泛使用的、主要非正式的 O.D.D. (Overview-Design-Details) 协议 [Grimm 等，2020；Amouroux 等，2010] 合并，以减少许多造成模型在其他建模者中无法复制的模糊因素。一个已发布的，大幅简化版的单亲家长模型 [Lone Parent Model] 的人口统计模型文件独立出版在 [Elsheikh, 2023b] 中，作为提出的术语的说明。该模型是基于 Julia 语言 [Elsheikh, 2023a]，使用 Agents.jl julia 包 [Datseris 等，2022] 实现的。