Model-based diagnosis has been an active research topic in different
communities including artificial intelligence, formal methods, and control.
This has led to a set of disparate approaches addressing different classes of
systems and seeking different forms of diagnoses. In this paper, we resolve
such disparities by generalising Reiter's theory to be agnostic to the types of
systems and diagnoses considered. This more general theory of diagnosis from
first principles defines the minimal diagnosis as the set of preferred
diagnosis candidates in a search space of hypotheses. Computing the minimal
diagnosis is achieved by exploring the space of diagnosis hypotheses, testing
sets of hypotheses for consistency with the system's model and the observation,
and generating conflicts that rule out successors and other portions of the
search space. Under relatively mild assumptions, our algorithms correctly
compute the set of preferred diagnosis candidates. The main difficulty here is
that the search space is no longer a powerset as in Reiter's theory, and that,
as consequence, many of the implicit properties (such as finiteness of the
search space) no longer hold. The notion of conflict also needs to be
generalised and we present such a more general notion. We present two
implementations of these algorithms, using test solvers based on satisfiability
and heuristic search, respectively, which we evaluate on instances from two
real world discrete event problems. Despite the greater generality of our
theory, these implementations surpass the special purpose algorithms designed
for discrete event systems, and enable solving instances that were out of reach
of existing diagnosis approaches.

通过将 Reiter 理论泛化为对任何类型系统和诊断的无知论，我们定义了基于首要原则的最小诊断，它将最有可能的诊断候选集合在一个假设搜索空间中。在相对温和的假设下，我们的算法能够正确计算首选的诊断候选集合。尽管搜索空间不再是幂集，与 Reiter 理论不同，我们的理论的适用性更广，并且在实际问题中实现的两个算法能够解决现有诊断方法无法解决的示例。

从第一原理出发的更一般的诊断理论

A More General Theory of Diagnosis from First Principles

Traditional model-based diagnosis relies on constructing explicit system
models, a process that can be laborious and expertise-demanding. In this paper,
we propose a novel framework that combines concepts of model-based diagnosis
with deep graph structure learning. This data-driven approach leverages data to
learn the system's underlying structure and provide dynamic observations,
represented by two distinct graph adjacency matrices. Our work facilitates a
seamless integration of graph structure learning with model-based diagnosis by
making three main contributions: (i) redefining the constructs of system
representation, observations, and faults (ii) introducing two distinct versions
of a self-supervised graph structure learning model architecture and (iii)
demonstrating the potential of our data-driven diagnostic method through
experiments on a system of coupled oscillators.

本文提出了一种新颖的框架，将基于模型的诊断与深度图结构学习的概念相结合。通过利用数据学习系统的底层结构和提供动态观察，该方法实现了图结构学习与基于模型的诊断的无缝集成，并通过在耦合振荡器系统上的实验证明了其数据驱动诊断方法的潜力。

图结构残差：一种学习诊断方法

Graph Structural Residuals: A Learning Approach to Diagnosis

In the modern world, we are permanently using, leveraging, interacting with,
and relying upon systems of ever higher sophistication, ranging from our cars,
recommender systems in e-commerce, and networks when we go online, to
integrated circuits when using our PCs and smartphones, the power grid to
ensure our energy supply, security-critical software when accessing our bank
accounts, and spreadsheets for financial planning and decision making. The
complexity of these systems coupled with our high dependency on them implies
both a non-negligible likelihood of system failures, and a high potential that
such failures have significant negative effects on our everyday life. For that
reason, it is a vital requirement to keep the harm of emerging failures to a
minimum, which means minimizing the system downtime as well as the cost of
system repair. This is where model-based diagnosis comes into play.
Model-based diagnosis is a principled, domain-independent approach that can
be generally applied to troubleshoot systems of a wide variety of types,
including all the ones mentioned above, and many more. It exploits and
orchestrates i.a. techniques for knowledge representation, automated reasoning,
heuristic problem solving, intelligent search, optimization, stochastics,
statistics, decision making under uncertainty, machine learning, as well as
calculus, combinatorics and set theory to detect, localize, and fix faults in
abnormally behaving systems.
In this thesis, we will give an introduction to the topic of model-based
diagnosis, point out the major challenges in the field, and discuss a selection
of approaches from our research addressing these issues.

本论文介绍了基于模型的诊断，探讨了该领域的主要挑战，并讨论了一些应对这些问题的研究方法。