Deep learning models have shown their advantage in many different tasks,
including neuroimage analysis. However, to effectively train a high-quality
deep learning model, the aggregation of a significant amount of patient
information is required. The time and cost for acquisition and annotation in
assembling, for example, large fMRI datasets make it difficult to acquire large
numbers at a single site. However, due to the need to protect the privacy of
patient data, it is hard to assemble a central database from multiple
institutions. Federated learning allows for population-level models to be
trained without centralizing entities' data by transmitting the global model to
local entities, training the model locally, and then averaging the gradients or
weights in the global model. However, some studies suggest that private
information can be recovered from the model gradients or weights. In this work,
we address the problem of multi-site fMRI classification with a
privacy-preserving strategy. To solve the problem, we propose a federated
learning approach, where a decentralized iterative optimization algorithm is
implemented and shared local model weights are altered by a randomization
mechanism. Considering the systemic differences of fMRI distributions from
different sites, we further propose two domain adaptation methods in this
federated learning formulation. We investigate various practical aspects of
federated model optimization and compare federated learning with alternative
training strategies. Overall, our results demonstrate that it is promising to
utilize multi-site data without data sharing to boost neuroimage analysis
performance and find reliable disease-related biomarkers. Our proposed pipeline
can be generalized to other privacy-sensitive medical data analysis problems.

本研究提出一种联邦学习方法来解决多中心 fMRI 分类任务中的隐私问题，采用分散式的迭代优化算法并在本地模型权重上实现随机化机制，通过两种域自适应方法来解决不同中心 fMRI 分布的系统性差异，实现了对多组医疗数据隐私保护的高质量分析。

使用隐私保护联邦学习和领域适应的多站点 fMRI 分析：ABIDE 结果

Multi-site fMRI Analysis Using Privacy-preserving Federated Learning and  Domain Adaptation: ABIDE Results

While unsupervised variational autoencoders (VAE) have become a powerful tool
in neuroimage analysis, their application to supervised learning is
under-explored. We aim to close this gap by proposing a unified probabilistic
model for learning the latent space of imaging data and performing supervised
regression. Based on recent advances in learning disentangled representations,
the novel generative process explicitly models the conditional distribution of
latent representations with respect to the regression target variable.
Performing a variational inference procedure on this model leads to joint
regularization between the VAE and a neural-network regressor. In predicting
the age of 245 subjects from their structural Magnetic Resonance (MR) images,
our model is more accurate than state-of-the-art methods when applied to either
region-of-interest (ROI) measurements or raw 3D volume images. More
importantly, unlike simple feed-forward neural-networks, disentanglement of age
in latent representations allows for intuitive interpretation of the structural
developmental patterns of the human brain.

本文提出了一种统一的概率模型，用于学习成像数据的潜在空间并执行监督回归，利用 VAE 和神经网络回归器的联合正则化可以更精确地预测 MR 图像的年龄，实现了对人脑结构发育规律的直观解释。