Training graph classifiers able to distinguish between healthy brains and
dysfunctional ones, can help identifying substructures associated to specific
cognitive phenotypes. However, the mere predictive power of the graph
classifier is of limited interest to the neuroscientists, which have plenty of
tools for the diagnosis of specific mental disorders. What matters is the
interpretation of the model, as it can provide novel insights and new
hypotheses.
In this paper we propose \emph{counterfactual graphs} as a way to produce
local post-hoc explanations of any black-box graph classifier. Given a graph
and a black-box, a counterfactual is a graph which, while having high
structural similarity with the original graph, is classified by the black-box
in a different class. We propose and empirically compare several strategies for
counterfactual graph search. Our experiments against a white-box classifier
with known optimal counterfactual, show that our methods, although heuristic,
can produce counterfactuals very close to the optimal one. Finally, we show how
to use counterfactual graphs to build global explanations correctly capturing
the behaviour of different black-box classifiers and providing interesting
insights for the neuroscientists.

本文提出了反事实图（counterfactual graphs）作为黑盒图分类器的后解释，然后提出和比较了几种反事实图搜索策略。测试结果表明，虽然该方法是启发式的，但它可以产生非常接近最优反事实图的结果，并展示如何使用反事实图来构建全局解释，以正确捕获不同黑盒分类器的行为并为神经学家提供有趣的见解。