Face identification (FI) is ubiquitous and drives many high-stake decisions
made by law enforcement. State-of-the-art FI approaches compare two images by
taking the cosine similarity between their image embeddings. Yet, such an
approach suffers from poor out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization to new
types of images (e.g., when a query face is masked, cropped, or rotated) not
included in the training set or the gallery. Here, we propose a re-ranking
approach that compares two faces using the Earth Mover's Distance on the deep,
spatial features of image patches. Our extra comparison stage explicitly
examines image similarity at a fine-grained level (e.g., eyes to eyes) and is
more robust to OOD perturbations and occlusions than traditional FI.
Interestingly, without finetuning feature extractors, our method consistently
improves the accuracy on all tested OOD queries: masked, cropped, rotated, and
adversarial while obtaining similar results on in-distribution images.

该研究提出了一种基于 Earth Mover's Distance 的重排方法，它通过比较图像的空间特征，尤其是每个局部位置的相似度（例如眼睛到眼睛），来提高人脸识别的鲁棒性，进而解决了针对新图像类型的识别问题。