We present a novel approach to constraint-based causal discovery, that takes
the form of straightforward logical inference, applied to a list of simple,
logical statements about causal relations that are derived directly from
observed (in)dependencies. It is both sound and complete, in the sense that all
invariant features of the corresponding partial ancestral graph (PAG) are
identified, even in the presence of latent variables and selection bias. The
approach shows that every identifiable causal relation corresponds to one of
just two fundamental forms. More importantly, as the basic building blocks of
the method do not rely on the detailed (graphical) structure of the
corresponding PAG, it opens up a range of new opportunities, including more
robust inference, detailed accountability, and application to large models.

通过逻辑推理的方法，基于简单的关系逻辑陈述从部分观测到的关系推出因果关系的方法，可以在存在潜在变量和选择偏差的情况下找到对应局部祖先图的所有不变特征，发现每一个可识别的因果关系都对应了两种基本形式，因为该方法的基本构建块不依赖于图形结构，因此可以开发更稳健的推理，详细的询问方法和大规模应用方案。