Political campaigns are full of political ads posted by candidates on social
media. Political advertisements constitute a basic form of campaigning,
subjected to various social requirements. We present the first publicly open
dataset for detecting specific text chunks and categories of political
advertising in the Polish language. It contains 1,705 human-annotated tweets
tagged with nine categories, which constitute campaigning under Polish
electoral law. We achieved a 0.65 inter-annotator agreement (Cohen's kappa
score). An additional annotator resolved the mismatches between the first two
annotators improving the consistency and complexity of the annotation process.
We used the newly created dataset to train a well established neural tagger
(achieving a 70% percent points F1 score). We also present a possible direction
of use cases for such datasets and models with an initial analysis of the
Polish 2020 Presidential Elections on Twitter.

在社交媒体上，政治竞选充斥着政治广告。该研究提出了一种公开可用的数据集，用于检测特定文本块和政治广告类别的内容，特定文本块和政治广告类别是符合波兰选举法的竞选基本形式。数据集包含 1,705 条人工标注的推文，标有九个类别。该数据集被用来训练神经标记器，并用于对波兰 2020 年总统选举在 Twitter 上的初步分析。

政治广告数据集：波兰 2020 年总统选举的使用案例

Political Advertising Dataset: the use case of the Polish 2020  Presidential Elections

During the summer of 2018, Facebook, Google, and Twitter created policies and
implemented transparent archives that include U.S. political advertisements
which ran on their platforms. Through our analysis of over 1.3 million ads with
political content, we show how different types of political advertisers are
disseminating U.S. political messages using Facebook, Google, and Twitter's
advertising platforms. We find that in total, ads with political content
included in these archives have generated between 8.67 billion - 33.8 billion
impressions and that sponsors have spent over $300 million USD on advertising
with U.S. political content.
We are able to improve our understanding of political advertisers on these
platforms. We have also discovered a significant amount of advertising by quasi
for-profit media companies that appeared to exist for the sole purpose of
creating deceptive online communities focused on spreading political messaging
and not for directly generating profits. Advertising by such groups is a
relatively recent phenomenon, and appears to be thriving on online platforms
due to the lower regulatory requirements compared to traditional advertising
platforms.
We have found through our attempts to collect and analyze this data that
there are many limitations and weaknesses that enable intentional or accidental
deception and bypassing of the current implementations of these transparency
archives. We provide several suggestions for how these archives could be made
more robust and useful. Overall, these efforts by Facebook, Google, and Twitter
have improved political advertising transparency of honest and, in some cases,
possibly dishonest advertisers on their platforms. We thank the people at these
companies who have built these archives and continue to improve them.

研究发现，在 Facebook，Google 和 Twitter 等在线平台上，政治广告在传播美国政治信息方面具有不同类型的政治广告主，其中包括营利性媒体公司的广告，这些公司的目的是创建欺骗性在线社区，专门传播政治信息，而不是直接产生收益，并提出建议以加强透明度存档的弱点。