Generative AI and large language models hold great promise in enhancing
programming education by automatically generating individualized feedback for
students. We investigate the role of generative AI models in providing human
tutor-style programming hints to help students resolve errors in their buggy
programs. Recent works have benchmarked state-of-the-art models for various
feedback generation scenarios; however, their overall quality is still inferior
to human tutors and not yet ready for real-world deployment. In this paper, we
seek to push the limits of generative AI models toward providing high-quality
programming hints and develop a novel technique, GPT4Hints-GPT3.5Val. As a
first step, our technique leverages GPT-4 as a ``tutor'' model to generate
hints -- it boosts the generative quality by using symbolic information of
failing test cases and fixes in prompts. As a next step, our technique
leverages GPT-3.5, a weaker model, as a ``student'' model to further validate
the hint quality -- it performs an automatic quality validation by simulating
the potential utility of providing this feedback. We show the efficacy of our
technique via extensive evaluation using three real-world datasets of Python
programs covering a variety of concepts ranging from basic algorithms to
regular expressions and data analysis using pandas library.

使用生成式 AI 模型和大规模语言模型来生成编程教育中的个性化反馈，为学生提供编程提示以帮助他们解决程序中的错误。通过使用 GPT-4 作为 “导师” 模型和符号信息来提高生成质量，然后通过使用 GPT-3.5 作为 “学生” 模型来验证提示质量，我们开发了一种名为 GPT4Hints-GPT3.5Val 的新技术，通过对三个实际数据集进行广泛评估展示了我们技术的有效性。