The free access to large-scale public databases, together with the fast
progress of deep learning techniques, in particular Generative Adversarial
Networks, have led to the generation of very realistic fake content with its
corresponding implications towards society in this era of fake news. This
survey provides a thorough review of techniques for manipulating face images
including DeepFake methods, and methods to detect such manipulations. In
particular, four types of facial manipulation are reviewed: i) entire face
synthesis, ii) identity swap (DeepFakes), iii) attribute manipulation, and iv)
expression swap. For each manipulation group, we provide details regarding
manipulation techniques, existing public databases, and key benchmarks for
technology evaluation of fake detection methods, including a summary of results
from those evaluations. Among all the aspects discussed in the survey, we pay
special attention to the latest generation of DeepFakes, highlighting its
improvements and challenges for fake detection.
In addition to the survey information, we also discuss open issues and future
trends that should be considered to advance in the field.

本文综述了利用大规模公共数据库及深度学习技术（尤其是生成对抗网络）生成逼真虚假内容的技术及其在虚假新闻时代的社会影响，包括 DeepFake、面部属性操作和面部表情交换等四种类型的面部操纵技术，以及检测这些操纵方法的关键技术。同时，我们详细介绍了每种操纵类型的技术、公共数据库和关键指标，并着重介绍了最新一代的 DeepFakes 在虚假检测方面的改进和挑战。除了综述信息外，我们也讨论了该领域的未解决问题和未来趋势。