Large intelligent surface/antennas (LISA), a two-dimensional artificial
structure with a large number of reflective-surface/antenna elements, is a
promising reflective radio technology to construct programmable wireless
environments in a smart way. Specifically, each element of the LISA adjusts the
reflection of the incident electromagnetic waves with unnatural properties,
such as negative refraction, perfect absorption, and anomalous reflection, thus
the wireless environments can be software-defined according to various design
objectives. In this paper, we introduce the reflective radio basics, including
backscattering principles, backscatter communication, and reflective relay, and
the fundamentals and implementations of LISA technology. Then, we present an
overview of the state-of-the-art research on emerging applications of
LISA-aided wireless networks. Finally, the limitations, challenges, and open
issues associated with LISA for future wireless applications are discussed.

本研究对大型智能表面 / 天线（LISA）技术进行了介绍，它是一种有大量反射表面 / 天线元素的二维人工结构，可用于构建可编程智能无线电环境，以实现各种设计目标。本文还阐述了反射无线电的基础知识和 LISA 技术的基本原理和实现方法，并概述了 LISA 技术在新兴应用中的研究现状。同时，讨论了 LISA 在未来无线应用中的限制、挑战和开放问题。