Facial landmarks (FLM) estimation is a critical component in many
face-related applications. In this work, we aim to optimize for both accuracy
and speed and explore the trade-off between them. Our key observation is that
not all faces are created equal. Frontal faces with neutral expressions
converge faster than faces with extreme poses or expressions. To differentiate
among samples, we train our model to predict the regression error after each
iteration. If the current iteration is accurate enough, we stop iterating,
saving redundant iterations while keeping the accuracy in check. We also
observe that as neighboring patches overlap, we can infer all facial landmarks
(FLMs) with only a small number of patches without a major accuracy sacrifice.
Architecturally, we offer a multi-scale, patch-based, lightweight feature
extractor with a fine-grained local patch attention module, which computes a
patch weighting according to the information in the patch itself and enhances
the expressive power of the patch features. We analyze the patch attention data
to infer where the model is attending when regressing facial landmarks and
compare it to face attention in humans. Our model runs in real-time on a mobile
device GPU, with 95 Mega Multiply-Add (MMA) operations, outperforming all
state-of-the-art methods under 1000 MMA, with a normalized mean error of 8.16
on the 300W challenging dataset.

研究了面部关键点估计的准确性和速度问题，提出了一种基于软件的面部关键点姿态估计方法，利用逐步迭代预测回归误差的方法来区分样本，通过多尺度、基于补丁的轻量级特征提取器来进行面部关键点姿态估计，在移动设备 GPU 上实现了实时运行。