Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is one of the most popular algorithms to
realize an autonomous driving (AD) system. The key success factor of DRL is
that it embraces the perception capability of deep neural networks which,
however, have been proven vulnerable to Trojan attacks. Trojan attacks have
been widely explored in supervised learning (SL) tasks (e.g., image
classification), but rarely in sequential decision-making tasks solved by DRL.
Hence, in this paper, we explore Trojan attacks on DRL for AD tasks. First, we
propose a spatio-temporal DRL algorithm based on the recurrent neural network
and attention mechanism to prove that capturing spatio-temporal traffic
features is the key factor to the effectiveness and safety of a DRL-augment AD
system. We then design a spatial-temporal Trojan attack on DRL policies, where
the trigger is hidden in a sequence of spatial and temporal traffic features,
rather than a single instant state used in existing Trojan on SL and DRL tasks.
With our Trojan, the adversary acts as a surrounding normal vehicle and can
trigger attacks via specific spatial-temporal driving behaviors, rather than
physical or wireless access. Through extensive experiments, we show that while
capturing spatio-temporal traffic features can improve the performance of DRL
for different AD tasks, they suffer from Trojan attacks since our designed
Trojan shows high stealthy (various spatio-temporal trigger patterns),
effective (less than 3.1\% performance variance rate and more than 98.5\%
attack success rate), and sustainable to existing advanced defenses.

本文通过探讨深度强化学习中 Trojan 攻击的实现，设计了一个空间 - 时间 Trojan 攻击的策略，并通过实验验证了其攻击效率高、攻击模式难以被发现、对已有的防御手段能够产生持续性威胁等特点，成为一项对自动驾驶系统具有重要意义的研究。