We present a method for calculating and analyzing stakeholder utilities of
processes that arise in, but are not limited to, the social sciences. These
areas include business process analysis, healthcare workflow analysis and
policy process analysis. This method is quite general and applicable to any
situation in which declarative-type constraints of a modal and/or temporal
nature play a part.
A declarative process is a process in which activities may freely happen
while respecting a set of constraints. For such a process, anything may happen
so long as it is not explicitly forbidden. Declarative processes have been used
and studied as models of business and healthcare workflows by several authors.
In considering a declarative process as a model of some system it is natural to
consider how the process behaves with respect to stakeholders. We derive a
measure for stakeholder utility that can be applied in a very general setting.
This derivation is achieved by listing a collection a properties which we argue
such a stakeholder utility function ought to satisfy, and then using these to
show a very specific form must hold for such a utility. The utility measure
depends on the set of unique traces of the declarative process, and calculating
this set requires a combinatorial analysis of the declarative graph that
represents the process.
This builds on previous work of the author wherein the combinatorial
diversity metrics for declarative processes were derived for use in policy
process analysis. The collection of stakeholder utilities can themselves then
be used to form a metric with which we can compare different declarative
processes to one another. These are illustrated using several examples of
declarative processes that already exist in the literature.

本文介绍了一种可以计算和分析利益相关者的效用的方法，并适用于商业流程分析，医疗工作流分析和政策流程分析等方面的研究领域。该方法基于申明性过程，使用申明性约束的模态和 / 或时间特性派生了一个可适用于一般情况的利益相关者效用度量。

声明性过程的利益相关者效用度量及其在过程比较中的应用

Stakeholder utility measures for declarative processes and their use in process comparisons

We examine trade-offs among stakeholders in ad auctions. Our metrics are the
revenue for the utility of the auctioneer, the number of clicks for the utility
of the users and the welfare for the utility of the advertisers. We show how to
optimize linear combinations of the stakeholder utilities, showing that these
can be tackled through a GSP auction with a per-click reserve price. We then
examine constrained optimization of stakeholder utilities.
We use simulations and analysis of real-world sponsored search auction data
to demonstrate the feasible trade-offs, examining the effect of changing the
allowed number of ads on the utilities of the stakeholders. We investigate both
short term effects, when the players do not have the time to modify their
behavior, and long term equilibrium conditions.
Finally, we examine a combinatorially richer constrained optimization
problem, where there are several possible allowed configurations (templates) of
ad formats. This model captures richer ad formats, which allow using the
available screen real estate in various ways. We show that two natural
generalizations of the GSP auction rules to this domain are poorly behaved,
resulting in not having a symmetric Nash equilibrium or having one with poor
welfare. We also provide positive results for restricted cases.

本文研究广告拍卖中各利益相关者的权衡。我们讨论了基于利益相关者效用值的线性组合优化问题及其解决方案，同时通过模拟和实际数据分析探究了不同广告数量对各方效用的影响。最后，我们探究了组合型广告格式的不同竞价规则，并发现了其中的问题和限制。