The ever-increasing use of synthetically generated content in different
sectors of our everyday life, one for all media information, poses a strong
need for deepfake detection tools in order to avoid the proliferation of
altered messages. The process to identify manipulated content, in particular
images and videos, is basically performed by looking for the presence of some
inconsistencies and/or anomalies specifically due to the fake generation
process. Different techniques exist in the scientific literature that exploit
diverse ad-hoc features in order to highlight possible modifications. In this
paper, we propose to investigate how deepfake creation can impact on the
characteristics that the whole scene had at the time of the acquisition. In
particular, when an image (video) is captured the overall geometry of the scene
(e.g. surfaces) and the acquisition process (e.g. illumination) determine a
univocal environment that is directly represented by the image pixel values;
all these intrinsic relations are possibly changed by the deepfake generation
process. By resorting to the analysis of the characteristics of the surfaces
depicted in the image it is possible to obtain a descriptor usable to train a
CNN for deepfake detection: we refer to such an approach as SurFake.
Experimental results carried out on the FF++ dataset for different kinds of
deepfake forgeries and diverse deep learning models confirm that such a feature
can be adopted to discriminate between pristine and altered images;
furthermore, experiments witness that it can also be combined with visual data
to provide a certain improvement in terms of detection accuracy.

深度伪造生成对场景整体几何和采集过程造成了特征变化，通过分析图像中表面的特征可生成一个可用于深度伪造检测的描述符，称为 SurFake。在各种深度伪造和深度学习模型上进行的实验结果证实了该特征可用于区分原始图像和经过篡改的图像，并且实验证明结合视觉数据可提高检测准确性。