Many Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms are inspired by physics and
employ stochastic fluctuations. We connect these physics-inspired AI algorithms
by unifying them under a single mathematical framework that we call
Thermodynamic AI. Seemingly disparate algorithmic classes can be described by
this framework, for example, (1) Generative diffusion models, (2) Bayesian
neural networks, (3) Monte Carlo sampling and (4) Simulated annealing. Such
Thermodynamic AI algorithms are currently run on digital hardware, ultimately
limiting their scalability and overall potential. Stochastic fluctuations
naturally occur in physical thermodynamic systems, and such fluctuations can be
viewed as a computational resource. Hence, we propose a novel computing
paradigm, where software and hardware become inseparable. Our algorithmic
unification allows us to identify a single full-stack paradigm, involving
Thermodynamic AI hardware, that could accelerate such algorithms. We contrast
Thermodynamic AI hardware with quantum computing where noise is a roadblock
rather than a resource. Thermodynamic AI hardware can be viewed as a novel form
of computing, since it uses a novel fundamental building block. We identify
stochastic bits (s-bits) and stochastic modes (s-modes) as the respective
building blocks for discrete and continuous Thermodynamic AI hardware. In
addition to these stochastic units, Thermodynamic AI hardware employs a
Maxwell's demon device that guides the system to produce non-trivial states. We
provide a few simple physical architectures for building these devices and we
develop a formalism for programming the hardware via gate sequences. We hope to
stimulate discussion around this new computing paradigm. Beyond acceleration,
we believe it will impact the design of both hardware and algorithms, while
also deepening our understanding of the connection between physics and
intelligence.

提出了一个称为热力学 AI 的数学框架，它将许多物理启发的人工智能算法统一起来，并将其与热力学系统中的随机波动相结合，以实现利用波动作为一种计算资源的计算范式，从而加速这些算法。该框架使用了新型的构建基块，即随机位（s-bits）和随机模（s-modes），并提供了一些简单的物理体系结构来构建这些设备。