The paper describes a dataset that was collected by infrared thermography,
which is a non-contact, non-intrusive technique to collect data and analyze the
built environment in various aspects. While most studies focus on the city and
building scales, the rooftop observatory provides high temporal and spatial
resolution observations with dynamic interactions on the district scale. The
rooftop infrared thermography observatory with a multi-modal platform that is
capable of assessing a wide range of dynamic processes in urban systems was
deployed in Singapore. It was placed on the top of two buildings that overlook
the outdoor context of the campus of the National University of Singapore. The
platform collects remote sensing data from tropical areas on a temporal scale,
allowing users to determine the temperature trend of individual features such
as buildings, roads, and vegetation. The dataset includes 1,365,921 thermal
images collected on average at approximately 10 seconds intervals from two
locations during ten months.

该论文描述了一个非接触式的技术 —— 红外热成像技术来收集数据和分析建筑环境，并介绍了一个位于新加坡的屋顶红外热成像观测站，可以以高时空分辨率监测区域内动态过程，并收集来自热带区域的遥感数据，数据包含在 10 个月内从两个位置平均每 10 秒钟拍摄的 1,365,921 张热像。

利用高分辨率纵向热红外影像生成区域尺度地表温度数据

District-scale surface temperatures generated from high-resolution  longitudinal thermal infrared images

For accommodating more electric vehicles (EVs) to battle against fossil fuel
emission, the problem of charging station placement is inevitable and could be
costly if done improperly. Some researches consider a general setup, using
conditions such as driving ranges for planning. However, most of the EV growths
in the next decades will happen in the urban area, where driving ranges is not
the biggest concern. For such a need, we consider several practical aspects of
urban systems, such as voltage regulation cost and protection device upgrade
resulting from the large integration of EVs. Notably, our diversified objective
can reveal the trade-off between different factors in different cities
worldwide. To understand the global optimum of large-scale analysis, we add
constraint one-by-one to see how to preserve the problem convexity. Our
sensitivity analysis before and after convexification shows that our approach
is not only universally applicable but also has a small approximation error for
prioritizing the most urgent constraint in a specific setup. Finally, numerical
results demonstrate the trade-off, the relationship between different factors
and the global objective, and the small approximation error. A unique
observation in this study shows the importance of incorporating the protection
device upgrade in urban system planning on charging stations.

本文通过综合考虑电压规律成本和保护装置升级等实际方面，在城市系统规划中探讨了电动汽车的充电站布局问题。通过逐步添加限制条件，我们的敏感度分析以及数值结果证明了该方法具有普遍适用性和小的近似误差，并揭示了不同城市之间不同因素的权衡关系。同时，本研究唯一的发现是在充电站的城市系统规划中，考虑到保护装置升级的重要性。

城市地区电动汽车充电站布置方法

Electric Vehicle Charging Station Placement Method for Urban Areas

Empirical evidence suggest that most urban systems experience a transition
from a monocentric to a polycentric organisation as they grow and expand. We
propose here a stochastic, out-of-equilibrium model of the city which explains
the appearance of subcenters as an effect of traffic congestion. We show that
congestion triggers the unstability of the monocentric regime, and that the
number of subcenters and the total commuting distance within a city scale
sublinearly with its population, predictions which are in agreement with data
gathered for around 9000 US cities between 1994 and 2010.

通过对约 9000 个美国城市在 1994 年至 2010 年之间的数据分析，我们提出了一个关于城市的随机，非平衡模型，解释由于交通拥堵而出现的多中心效应，证明了交通拥堵会触发单中心模型的不稳定性，城市中子中心的数量以及总通勤距离与城市人口呈次线性缩放。