This paper studies a new problem, \emph{active learning with partial labels}
(ALPL). In this setting, an oracle annotates the query samples with partial
labels, relaxing the oracle from the demanding accurate labeling process. To
address ALPL, we first build an intuitive baseline that can be seamlessly
incorporated into existing AL frameworks. Though effective, this baseline is
still susceptible to the \emph{overfitting}, and falls short of the
representative partial-label-based samples during the query process. Drawing
inspiration from human inference in cognitive science, where accurate
inferences can be explicitly derived from \emph{counter-examples} (CEs), our
objective is to leverage this human-like learning pattern to tackle the
\emph{overfitting} while enhancing the process of selecting representative
samples in ALPL. Specifically, we construct CEs by reversing the partial labels
for each instance, and then we propose a simple but effective WorseNet to
directly learn from this complementary pattern. By leveraging the distribution
gap between WorseNet and the predictor, this adversarial evaluation manner
could enhance both the performance of the predictor itself and the sample
selection process, allowing the predictor to capture more accurate patterns in
the data. Experimental results on five real-world datasets and four benchmark
datasets show that our proposed method achieves comprehensive improvements over
ten representative AL frameworks, highlighting the superiority of WorseNet. The
source code will be available at https://github.com/Ferenas/APLL.

提出了一种基于反例的主动学习算法，通过利用反例来实现代表性样本的选择和防止过拟合，该算法在十个代表性主动学习框架上展现出全面的改进。