We use large-scale corpora in six different gendered languages, along with
tools from NLP and information theory, to test whether there is a relationship
between the grammatical genders of inanimate nouns and the adjectives used to
describe those nouns. For all six languages, we find that there is a
statistically significant relationship. We also find that there are
statistically significant relationships between the grammatical genders of
inanimate nouns and the verbs that take those nouns as direct objects, as
indirect objects, and as subjects. We defer a deeper investigation of these
relationships for future work.

本文研究了六种不同性别的语言中，无生命名词的语法性别和形容词、动词的关系，并发现这些关系在所有语言中都具有统计学显著性。

无生命名词的语法性别与其相应形容词和动词的关系

On the Relationships Between the Grammatical Genders of Inanimate Nouns  and Their Co-Occurring Adjectives and Verbs

Many natural languages assign grammatical gender also to inanimate nouns in
the language. In such languages, words that relate to the gender-marked nouns
are inflected to agree with the noun's gender. We show that this affects the
word representations of inanimate nouns, resulting in nouns with the same
gender being closer to each other than nouns with different gender. While
"embedding debiasing" methods fail to remove the effect, we demonstrate that a
careful application of methods that neutralize grammatical gender signals from
the words' context when training word embeddings is effective in removing it.
Fixing the grammatical gender bias yields a positive effect on the quality of
the resulting word embeddings, both in monolingual and cross-lingual settings.
We note that successfully removing gender signals, while achievable, is not
trivial to do and that a language-specific morphological analyzer, together
with careful usage of it, are essential for achieving good results.

考虑语言中的文法性别现象，本文研究其对词的表征的影响，并针对这种影响使用 “morphological analyzer” 对训练词嵌入进行上下文中性操作，以有效消除这种影响，结果显示其具有良好的效果和鲁棒性。

语法性别如何影响语法性别标记语言中名词表征？

How does Grammatical Gender Affect Noun Representations in  Gender-Marking Languages?

Many of the world's languages employ grammatical gender on the lexeme. For
example, in Spanish, the word for 'house' (casa) is feminine, whereas the word
for 'paper' (papel) is masculine. To a speaker of a genderless language, this
assignment seems to exist with neither rhyme nor reason. But is the assignment
of inanimate nouns to grammatical genders truly arbitrary? We present the first
large-scale investigation of the arbitrariness of noun-gender assignments. To
that end, we use canonical correlation analysis to correlate the grammatical
gender of inanimate nouns with an externally grounded definition of their
lexical semantics. We find that 18 languages exhibit a significant correlation
between grammatical gender and lexical semantics.

本论文对生物语言的词性存在性别差异的现象进行了大规模探究，发现有 18 种语言的生物语言词性与词汇语义存在显著相关性，即生物语言的性别标记并非毫无规律可循。