Simulation technologies have been widely utilized in many scientific research
fields such as weather forecasting, fluid mechanics and biological populations.
It is the best tool to handle problems in complex systems, where closed-form
expressions are unavailable and the target distribution in the representation
space is too complex to be fully represented by a deep learning (DL) model. We
believe that the development of simulation technologies is consistent with
scientific paradigms. This paper induces the evolution of scientific paradigms
from the perspective of data, algorithms, and computational power. Building
upon this perspective, we divide simulation technologies into three stages
aligning with the emergence of new paradigms, and find that advanced simulation
technologies are typical instances of paradigms integration. Moreover, we
propose the concept of behavioral simulation (BS), specifically sophisticated
behavioral simulation (SBS), representing a higher degree of paradigms
integration based on foundation models to simulate complex social systems
involving sophisticated human strategies and behaviors. BS and further SBS are
designed to tackle challenges concerning the complex human system that
surpasses the capacity of traditional agent-based modeling simulation (ABMS),
which can be regarded as a possible next paradigm for science. Through this
work, we look forward to more powerful BS and SBS applications in scientific
research branches within social science.

从数据、算法和计算能力的角度出发，本文归纳了科学范式的演变，将模拟技术分为三个阶段，并发现先进的模拟技术是范式集成的典型实例。此外，本文提出了行为模拟（BS）和复杂行为模拟（SBS）的概念，用于模拟涉及复杂的社会系统中的复杂人类策略和行为。BS 和进一步的 SBS 旨在应对超出传统基于 Agent 的建模模拟（ABMS）容量的复杂人类系统的挑战，可将其视为科学的可能下一个范式。通过本研究，我们期待在社会科学领域中有更强大的 BS 和 SBS 应用。

行为模拟：探索科学的可能新范式

Behavioral Simulation: Exploring A Possible Next Paradigm for Science

Despite the Digital Twin (DT) concept being in the industry for a long time,
it remains ambiguous, unable to differentiate itself from information models,
general computing, and simulation technologies. Part of this confusion stems
from previous studies overlooking the DT's bidirectional nature, that enables
the shift of agency (delegating control) from humans to physical elements,
something that was not possible with earlier technologies. Thus, we present DTs
in a new light by viewing them as a means of imparting intelligence and agency
to entities, emphasizing that DTs are not just expert-centric tools but are
active systems that extend the capabilities of the entities being twinned. This
new perspective on DTs can help reduce confusion and humanize the concept by
starting discussions about how intelligent a DT should be, and its roles and
responsibilities, as well as setting a long-term direction for DTs.

将数字孪生作为赋予智能和机构的实体的方式，可以避免混淆，人性化概念，并讨论数字孪生的智能程度、角色和责任，以及为数字孪生设定长期方向。