Artificial intelligence (AI) systems, such as machine learning algorithms,
have allowed scientists, marketers and governments to shed light on
correlations that remained invisible until now. Beforehand, the dots that we
had to connect in order to imagine a new knowledge were either too numerous,
too sparse or not even detected. Sometimes, the information was not stored in
the same data lake or format and was not able to communicate. But in creating
new bridges with AI, many problems appeared such as bias reproduction, unfair
inferences or mass surveillance. Our aim is to show that, on one hand, the AI's
deep ethical problem lays essentially in these new connections made possible by
systems interoperability. In connecting the spheres of our life, these systems
undermine the notion of justice particular to each of them, because the new
interactions create dominances of social goods from a sphere to another. These
systems make therefore spheres permeable to one another and, in doing so, they
open to progress as well as to tyranny. On another hand, however, we would like
to emphasize that the act to connect what used to seem a priori disjoint is a
necessary move of knowledge and scientific progress.

在人工智能系统实现互操作性的过程中，新的伦理问题凸显出来，它们连接了我们生活中的不同领域，而这些领域之间的不同的社会奖励因此会发生改变，同时也会影响到不同领域的正义。然而，将看似相互独立的领域进行联系是知识和科学进步的必要步骤。

科学面对互操作性作为成功与恶的必要条件

Science Facing Interoperability as a Necessary Condition of Success and Evil

Prosocial behaviors are encountered in the donation game, the prisoner's
dilemma, relaxed social dilemmas, and public goods games. Many studies assume
that the population structure is homogeneous, meaning all individuals have the
same number of interaction partners, or that the social good is of one
particular type. Here, we explore general evolutionary dynamics for arbitrary
spatial structures and social goods. We find that heterogeneous networks,
wherein some individuals have many more interaction partners than others, can
enhance the evolution of prosocial behaviors. However, they often accumulate
most of the benefits in the hands of a few highly-connected individuals, while
many others receive low or negative payoff. Surprisingly, selection can favor
producers of social goods even if the total costs exceed the total benefits. In
summary, heterogeneous structures have the ability to strongly promote the
emergence of prosocial behaviors, but they also create the possibility of
generating large inequality.

研究不同空间结构和社会公共物品在生物进化中如何影响互惠行为，发现异质性网络能够促进互惠行为的出现，但这也可能导致少数人受益，大多数人受益较少或负面影响。此外，研究还发现即使总成本超过总利益，社会产品的制作者也可能受到选择的青睐。