We outline the rationale and preliminary results of using the state context
property (SCOP) formalism, originally developed as a generalization of quantum
mechanics, to describe the contextual manner in which concepts are evoked, used
and combined to generate meaning. The quantum formalism was developed to cope
with problems arising in the description of (i) the measurement process, and
(ii) the generation of new states with new properties when particles become
entangled. Similar problems arising with concepts motivated the formal
treatment introduced here. Concepts are viewed not as fixed representations,
but entities existing in states of potentiality that require interaction with a
context-a stimulus or another concept-to 'collapse' to an instantiated form
(e.g. exemplar, prototype, or other possibly imaginary instance). The stimulus
situation plays the role of the measurement in physics, acting as context that
induces a change of the cognitive state from superposition state to collapsed
state. The collapsed state is more likely to consist of a conjunction of
concepts for associative than analytic thought because more stimulus or concept
properties take part in the collapse. We provide two contextual measures of
conceptual distance-one using collapse probabilities and the other weighted
properties-and show how they can be applied to conjunctions using the pet fish
problem.

使用状态上下文属性 (SCOP) 形式，描述概念引发、使用和组合生成意义的情境方式，并提供两个概念距离的上下文度量，一种使用塌缩概率，另一种加权属性，展示它们如何在使用宠物鱼问题时应用于联结。

利用量子形式化的数学泛化来描述概念

Contextualizing concepts using a mathematical generalization of the  quantum formalism

One of us has recently elaborated a theory for modelling concepts that uses
the state context property (SCoP) formalism, i.e. a generalization of the
quantum formalism. This formalism incorporates context into the mathematical
structure used to represent a concept, and thereby models how context
influences the typicality of a single exemplar and the applicability of a
single property of a concept, which provides a solution of the 'Pet-Fish
problem' and other difficulties occurring in concept theory. Then, a quantum
model has been worked out which reproduces the membership weights of several
exemplars of concepts and their combinations. We show in this paper that a
further relevant effect appears in a natural way whenever two or more concepts
combine, namely, 'entanglement'. The presence of entanglement is explicitly
revealed by considering a specific example with two concepts, constructing some
Bell's inequalities for this example, testing them in a real experiment with
test subjects, and finally proving that Bell's inequalities are violated in
this case. We show that the intrinsic and unavoidable character of entanglement
can be explained in terms of the weights of the exemplars of the combined
concept with respect to the weights of the exemplars of the component concepts.

使用状态上下文属性（SCoP）形式主义对概念进行建模，该形式主义包含上下文，从而模拟了上下文如何影响概念的典型性和属性适用性。在两种或更多概念组合时，会自然地出现 ' 纠缠 ' 现象。该研究通过建立 Bell 不等式并在实验中证明了纠缠的存在。