Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved unparalleled success across
diverse language modeling tasks in recent years. However, this progress has
also intensified ethical concerns, impacting the deployment of LLMs in everyday
contexts. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of ethical challenges
associated with LLMs, from longstanding issues such as copyright infringement,
systematic bias, and data privacy, to emerging problems like truthfulness and
social norms. We critically analyze existing research aimed at understanding,
examining, and mitigating these ethical risks. Our survey underscores
integrating ethical standards and societal values into the development of LLMs,
thereby guiding the development of responsible and ethically aligned language
models.

本文全面调查了与大型语言模型（LLMs）相关的伦理挑战，从长期存在的问题，如侵犯版权、系统性偏见和数据隐私，到新兴问题，如真实性和社会规范。我们批判性地分析了现有研究，旨在理解、审查和减轻这些伦理风险。我们的调查强调了将伦理标准和社会价值融入 LLMs 的开发中，从而引导负责任和道德对齐的语言模型的发展。

从长期存在的问题到新兴的困境剖析大型语言模型的伦理

Deconstructing The Ethics of Large Language Models from Long-standing  Issues to New-emerging Dilemmas

(shortened) In this contribution an average or Galactic-field IMF is defined,
stressing that there is evidence for a change in the power-law index at only
two masses: near 0.5 Msun and 0.08 Msun. Using this supposed universal IMF, the
uncertainty inherent to any observational estimate of the IMF is investigated,
by studying the scatter introduced by Poisson noise and the dynamical evolution
of star clusters. It is found that this apparent scatter reproduces quite well
the observed scatter in power-law index determinations, thus defining the
fundamental limit within which any true variation becomes undetectable.
Determinations of the power-law indices alpha are subject to systematic errors
arising mostly from unresolved binaries. The systematic bias is quantified
here, with the result that the single-star IMFs for young star-clusters are
systematically steeper by d_alpha=0.5 between 0.1 and 1 Msun than the
Galactic-field IMF, which is populated by, on average, about 5 Gyr old stars.
The MFs in globular clusters appear to be, on average, systematically flatter
than the Galactic-field IMF, and the recent detection of ancient white-dwarf
candidates in the Galactic halo and absence of associated low-mass stars
suggests a radically different IMF for this ancient population. Star-formation
in higher-metallicity environments thus appears to produce relatively more
low-mass stars.

通过研究星团中泊松噪声和动力学演化引入的散射，确定了任何真正变化变得不可检测的范围，发现单星 IMFs 比银河星场 IMF 在 0.1 到 1Msun 之间陡峭，并发现更高金属丰度环境中的星际物质似乎会产生相对更多低质量的恒星。