Self-supervised learning (SSL) is an approach to extract useful feature
representations from unlabeled data, and enable fine-tuning on downstream tasks
with limited labeled examples. Self-pretraining is a SSL approach that uses the
curated task dataset for both pretraining the networks and fine-tuning them.
Availability of large, diverse, and uncurated public medical image sets
provides the opportunity to apply SSL in the "wild" and potentially extract
features robust to imaging variations. However, the benefit of wild- vs
self-pretraining has not been studied for medical image analysis. In this
paper, we compare robustness of wild versus self-pretrained transformer (vision
transformer [ViT] and hierarchical shifted window [Swin]) models to computed
tomography (CT) imaging differences for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
segmentation. Wild-pretrained Swin models outperformed self-pretrained Swin for
the various imaging acquisitions. ViT resulted in similar accuracy for both
wild- and self-pretrained models. Masked image prediction pretext task that
forces networks to learn the local structure resulted in higher accuracy
compared to contrastive task that models global image information.
Wild-pretrained models resulted in higher feature reuse at the lower level
layers and feature differentiation close to output layer after fine-tuning.
Hence, we conclude: Wild-pretrained networks were more robust to analyzed CT
imaging differences for lung tumor segmentation than self-pretrained methods.
Swin architecture benefited from such pretraining more than ViT.

自我监督学习（SSL）是一种从无标签数据中提取有用特征表示并在有限标记样本的下游任务中进行精细调整的方法。本论文比较了基于自然数据和自我预训练的转换器模型在医学图像分析中的鲁棒性，发现自然预训练模型对肺肿瘤分割的 CT 图像差异具有更高的适应性，同时 Swin 架构从这种预训练中受益更多。