We establish conditions under which latent causal graphs are nonparametrically identifiable and can be reconstructed from unknown interventions in the latent space. Our primary focus is the identification of the latent structure in a measurement model, i.e. causal graphical models where dependence between observed variables is insignificant compared to dependence between latent representations, without making parametric assumptions such as linearity or Gaussianity. Moreover, we do not assume the number of hidden variables is known, and we show that at most one unknown intervention per hidden variable is needed. This extends a recent line of work on learning causal representations from observations and interventions. The proofs are constructive and introduce two new graphical concepts -- imaginary subsets and isolated edges -- that may be useful in their own right. As a matter of independent interest, the proofs also involve a novel characterization of the limits of edge orientations within the equivalence class of DAGs induced by unknown interventions. Experiments confirm that the latent graph can be recovered from data using our theoretical results. These are the first results to characterize the conditions under which causal representations are identifiable without making any parametric assumptions in a general setting with unknown interventions and without faithfulness.

本文介绍了一种在潜在空间中通过未知干预重建潜在因果图的方法，不需要进行参数假设，并且不需要已知潜在变量的数量，每个潜在变量最多只需要一个未知干预，通过引入虚集和孤立边的两个新图形概念，可构造性地证明了这种方法的可行性。

学习未知干预下非参数潜在因果图